What phenomenon causes the change of seasons on Earth?

The change of seasons on Earth is primarily caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis. The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees relative to its orbit around the Sun. This tilt means that as the Earth travels around the Sun over the course of a year, different parts of the planet receive varying amounts of sunlight at different times.

During summer in one hemisphere, that hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, receiving more direct sunlight, which results in warmer temperatures. Conversely, during winter, that same hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, receiving less direct sunlight and resulting in cooler temperatures. This cyclical pattern of varying sunlight causes the changing seasons.

While the other factors mentioned play roles in Earth's climate and orbit, they do not directly cause the seasons. The distance from the Sun does not significantly change enough to affect the seasons on a yearly basis, and the rotation of the Earth pertains to day and night rather than seasonal changes. Similarly, while the shape of the Earth can affect climate and weather patterns, it is the axial tilt that dictates the seasonal cycle. This understanding highlights the importance of Earth's axial tilt in creating the diverse seasonal changes we experience throughout the year.